# Title: **[[& 2021-10-22 Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD]]** ## Metadata: - `Type:` [[&]] - `Author:` [[@Thelma M Pitcher]] - `Notable Authors:` - [[@Jan P. Piek]] - [[@David A. Hay]] - `Keywords:` [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] - `Specific Subject:` ADHD - Motor Ability - `General Subject:` - `DOI:` 10.1017/s0012162203000975 - `Zotero URL:` [Zotero](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ) - `Publish Date:` 2003 - `Reviewed Date:` [[2021-10-23]] ## Citation ```latex @article{thelmampitcherFineGrossMotor2003, title = {Fine and Gross Motor Ability in Males with {{ADHD}}}, author = {{Thelma M Pitcher} and {Jan P. Piek} and {David A. Hay}}, year = {2003}, journal = {Developmental Medicine \& Child Neurology}, doi = {10/bkh8hp}, abstract = {In the this study, both fine and gross motor ability of males with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were compared with a group of control children. Three groups of males with the following ADHD subtypes: predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI; n=50), hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD-HI; n=16), or combined (ADHD-C; n=38) were compared with 39 control males. Mean ages for the control group were 10 years 4 months (SD1 year 4 months, range 7 years 8 months to 12 years 11 months); for the ADHD-PI group, 10 years (SD 1 year 2 months, range 7 years 10 months to 13 years); for the ADHD-HI group, 9 years 11 months (SD 1 year 2 months), range 7 years 11 months to 12 years 6 months); and for the ADHD-C group 10 years 2 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 8 to 13 years). The Australian Disruptive Behaviours Scale and Connors'Parent Rating Scale-Revised were used to assess ADHD symptomatology. Verbal IQ was estimated using two verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and movement ability was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and the Purdue Pegboard test. Findings demonstrated that the children with ADHD had significantly poorer movement ability than control children. A high percentage of these children displayed movement difficulties consistent with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). In addition, the current study found that the type and degree of movement difficulty differed between subtypes. The Total Impairment score, as derived from the MABC, was less severe for the ADHD-HI group than the other two ADHD groups, but more severe than for the control group. Males with ADHD-PI and ADHD-C had significantly poorer fine motor ability (p{lt;$}0.001) than control males, whereas the ADHD-HI group did not differ significantly from any of the other groups. As children with ADHD only and the control group did not differ significantly on fine motor ability but were significantly better than children categorized with both ADHD and DCD, it was argued that poorer fine motor ability found in children with ADHD could not be attributed to deficits in attention and concentration, but rather to factors relating to their motor ability.}, pmid = {12882531}, keywords = {✅️,ADD,ADHD,DAMP,DCD,MABC,PPB}, annotation = {ZSCC: 0000639 MAG ID: 2165881812}, file = {files/435/Thelma M Pitcher et al_2003_Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD.pdf;files/477/thelmampitcherFineGrossMotor2003 - Extracted Annotations (2021-10-23).md} } ``` ## Hypothesis: - ## Methodology: - ## Result(s): - ## Summary of key points: - ## Notes # Extracted Annotations (2021-10-23)  - "**(Orange)** - Three groups of males with the following ADHD subtypes: predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI; n=50), hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD-HI; n=16), or combined (ADHD-C; n=38) were compared with 39 control males. Mean ages for the control group were 10 years 4 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 7 years 8 months to 12 years 11 months); for the ADHD-PI group, 10 years (SD 1 year 2 months, range 7 years 10 months to 13 years); for the ADHD-HI group, 9 years 11 months (SD 1 year 2 months), range 7 years 11 months to 12 years 6 months); and for the ADHD-C group 10 years 2 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 8 to 13 years)." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1)) - *Very small sample sizes. Want to have a tabular breakdown of the age distribution and volume for ages ([note on p.1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1))* - "**(Yellow)** - Findings demonstrated that the children with ADHD had significantly poorer movement ability than control children. A high percentage of these children displayed movement difficulties consistent with developmental coordination disorder (DCD)." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1)) - "**(Yellow)** - Deficits in Attention, Motor Control, and Perception (DAMP" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1)) - "**(Green)** - Males with ADHD-PI and ADHD-C had significantly poorer fine motor ability (p<0.001) than control males" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1)) - "**(Green)** - Barkley (1997) has also suggested that ADHD-PI may not be an ADHD subtype but rather a separate disorder. Levy et al. (2001) on the other hand, have suggested that the three subtypes be considered as three genetically distinct disorders." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - "**(Orange)** - For example, Barkley (1997) suggested that ADHD-HI is a developmental precursor to ADHD-C and is supported by Hart et al. (1995)" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - "**(Orange)** - Only males were included in the current study" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - "**(Orange)** - females have a higher proportional representation within the ADHD-PI subtype (Lahey et al. 1994)." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - "**(Orange)** - One hundred and fifty seven males (mean age 10 years 1 month, SD 1 year 4 months; age range 7 years 8 months to 12 years 11 months) participated in the study. Participants were recruited from 35 mainstream primary schools within the Perth metropolitan area in Western Australia, and were not involved in the earlier study (i.e. Piek et al. 1999)." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - "**(Orange)** - all medicated participants had, at minimum, a period of abstinence of approximately 15 hours before being tested." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=4)) - "**(Orange)** - [[ANOVA]]" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=4)) - "**(Orange)** - Both Hands, and Assembly scores) were analyzed by means of a 4×4 [[MANOVA]] due to their conceptual relatedness." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=5)) - "**(Orange)** - A three-group [[ANCOVA]] was used to assess the relationship of group membership to the PPB Composite score." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=6)) - "**(Orange)** - This finding demonstrates that poor fine motor ability is not a result of the ADHD symptomatology, but rather of the comorbid [[DCD]] condition." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:9](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=9)) - [x] "**(Magenta)** - Barkley RA. (1997) Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, executive functions - constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull121:65-94." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10)) - *this one is already in the zotero queue ([note on p.10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10))* - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Hartsough and Lambert 1985, Barkley et al. 1990, Piek et al. 1999" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Gillberg 1998)" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=1)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Barkley (1997)" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Hart et al. (1995)" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Lahey et al. 1994)" ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=2)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Barkley RA. (1998) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Gillberg C. (1998) Hyperactivity, inattention and motor control problems: prevalence, comorbidity and background factors. Folia Phoniatr Logop50:107-117." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Hart EL, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Applegate B, Frick PJ. (1995) Developmental changes in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in males: A four-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol23:729-750." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. (1985) Medical factors in hyperactive and normal children: prenatal, development, and health history findings. Am J Orthopsychiatry55:190-210." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J, Garfinkel B, Kerdyk L, Frick PJ, Ollendick T, Perez D, Hart EL, Waldman I, Shaffer D. (1994) DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatr151:1673-1685." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=10)) - [ ] "**(Magenta)** - Levy F, Hay DA, editors. (2001) Attention Genes and ADHD. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge." ([Thelma M Pitcher et al 2003:11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/J8WI88YQ?page=11)) ## Context: ==(How this article relates to other work in the field; how it ties in with key issues and findings by others, including yourself)== - ## Significance: ==(to the field; in relation to your own work)== - ## Important Figures and/or Tables: ==(brief description; page number)== - ## Other Comments: - ## Cited References ==to follow up on (cite those obviously related to your topic AND any papers frequently cited by others because those works may well prove to be essential as you develop your own work):== - ```dataview table created, updated as modified, tags, type, related from "" where contains(related, "thelmampitcherFineGrossMotor2003") ```